可持续性是风景园林行业的热门话题,美国风景园林设计师玛莎·施瓦茨女士对这个话题有着自己独特的见解。本文详细的阐述了她本人的观点,并对她的著名设计作品进行了简单介绍。
By Martha Schwartz
March 2012
整理:胡一可、栾天浩
当代对可持续发展议题的讨论大部分都集中于绿色建筑,规划师和建筑师及城市领导很少关注城市景观起到的作用。如果要营造可持续而健康的都市环境,就必须考虑到建筑之间的城市景观。
In our sustainability discussions, most of the focus has been on green buildings. Planners, architects and city leaders have often been slow to recognize the important role that the broader urban landscape plays in making cities successful. The spaces between the buildings that constitute the urban landscape need to be considered if we are to create sustainable and healthy cities.
这种观点是一种新兴的认知范式,将我们的景观环境本身作为一种基础设施来理解,并认为它们对城市的运行和人居环境有着非常重要的作用。目前,城市巨型化,全球范围的城市化,人口接近70亿……城市的融合、增长和再生都使得城市景观变为一种很有价值的商品。城市景观现已成为一种高端功能和活动聚集的领域——我们都知道它的重要性,发展的同时需要保护环境并减少碳排量,这在世界范围内都是最终要的议题。
The awareness of our urban landscape as a built piece of infrastructure, crucial to a city’s performance and liveability, is a very new paradigm. New mega-cities, a vast global trend towards urbanization and a world population of 7 billion, plus a surge of cities that are growing and regenerating, makes the urban landscape a much more valuable commodity in a city. The urban landscape is now a territory of high function and performance一we all know how important it is that we develop so to better protect our natural environment and offset carbon emission- this is the number one issue that we all share globally.
城市景观也会在经济方面起作用。景观可以成为城市或项目的名片而使它更具竞争力。当我们的城市变得更加全球化和均质化的时候,就越发的需要创造一种新的、明显的可识别性来将周边的街区和城市区别开来,依此来制造场所感,确立身份认同感。差异和独特性赋予了城市竞争力,这对新建的和改造的城市区域都非常重要。
But the urban landscape also functions as an economic differentiator. A landscape can brand a city or development so to create a competitive edge. As we globalize and become more homogenous, there is an increasing need to create a new or enhanced identity that differentiates neighborhoods or cities, to create a “there, there”, and establish an identity. Distinctiveness and uniqueness may give a city a competitive edge, something of crucial importance to new and regenerating cities.
城市景观和经济
The Urban Landscape and the Economy
富有经验的市长现在把受过良好教育的人作为一种资本和资源。缺乏受过良好教育的大众的城市,经济便不会兴旺,也会缺乏竞争力。
Sophisticated mayors now consider well-educated people as “capital” and “resource”. Without an educated population, the economies of these cities cannot compete and thrive.
城市的美化、绿地空间和街道空间的可达性现在也是吸引高知高技工人居住和工作的必要条件。因此,公共场所的绿地是在全球化市场竞争中吸引人才的一个重要工具。市长们希望他们的城市能提供多样的,可选择的环境,这正是来此发展的人所追求的。当选择性作为可持续发展的概念之一时,人们必然会选择那些吸引人的城市而放弃那些无趣的城市。
The beautification of a city and the accessibility to green spaces and tree-lined streets are used to entice knowledge-based workers to come to live and work in that city. Thus, the public realm landscape is one of the primary tools for attracting people to cities so they can compete in a global marketplace. Mayors want their cities to be a city of choice, as the people they wish to attract have a choice. As choice is now an operative concept in sustainability, it is a given that people will choose attractive cities over unattractive cities.
城市景观与其说是一个环境概念,不如说是一个社会和文化的平台,多数的环境平台仅仅以保护为目的,通过法律法规的控制条文实现。景观的社会和文化功能则应当被理解为一种在城市尺度上实现可持续发展的重要组成部分,而这个部分正是我所说的“可持续的软性层面”。
But the urban landscapes is most operative as a social and cultural platform, even more so than an environmental one, as most of the environmental systems are provided for and protected through planning laws and code regulations. The social and cultural functioning of the landscape must be recognized as part of what creates sustainability at a city scale- these are the components of what I call the “Softer Side of Sustainability.”
这也许在认识上是一种根本性革新,但如果我们要把城市建设成为健康而令人期待的居住环境,就必须以一种有意义的方式来积极地处理环境问题,使之在空间上更加临近并融入我们的居住环境,减少不必要的基础设施和化石燃料消耗。
This is perhaps, a radical stance to take, but if we make cities healthy and desirable places to live in, then we will help in a meaningful way to positively deal with environmental issues through more efficiencies through proximity and cutting downs the need for redundant infrastructure and fossil fuels.
城市景观在社会及文化生活方面都起到了重要的作用。
The urban landscape plays a huge role in both the social and cultural life of cities.
从旧的文化中产生新文化能力,这一点源自人口和世界经济重心的变化,这些变化总是在城市中发生。而公共领域的景观环境则为这些转变提供了场所。即便是在郊区或某人的起居室中也可以实现人群的聚集。
The ability for new cultures to evolve from older ones as a result of shifting demographics and world economies are done in the cities which are typically their first port of call. The public realm landscape is the “pot” in which the melting happens. The acculturation of a population cannot be done in the suburbs or in one’s living room.
公共领域的景观在城市中提供“文化生活论坛”的作用现在变得非常重要。为吸引城市居民,城市中的文化和环境健康问题现在己经成为市长桌面上的首要议题。一个城市的文化产物会产生巨大的吸引力,其自身也是一个新兴产业。那些曾经在博物馆和剧院中才有的活动现在发生在街道和公共空间中,在这里人们可以欣赏街头表演、音乐会、装置艺术及舞蹈。公共空间里的景观已经成为文化事件发生的新舞台。它的开放性和共享性反应出城市本身的活力,世界上每个角落的人都可以参与其中。
The ability for the public realm landscape of a city to provide the forum for the cultural life of a city is now of utmost importance, as the cultural and environmental health of cities is at the top of a mayor’s “to do” list to attract and keep people. The cultural offer of a city is a huge attractor and is itself, a new industry. Activities that were once found only inside museums and theatres are now in the streets and spaces of cities, where one can enjoy street performance, concerts, art installation, and dance. The public realm landscape is the new stage for cultural events. This openness and generosity reflects a lively and open city where people from all parts of the globe can participate and integrate.
设计和可持续的城市
Design and sustainable cities
最后,让我们谈谈设计及它在可持续发展中的作用。物理形式或设计经常决定了城市景观的寿命。设计所采用的形式和材料可以在很大程度上决定城市环境的成败。成功的设计将建立人和场所间的联系,赋予场所性格、记忆、身份感、方向感和个性。
Lastly, let’s talk about Design and its role in sustainability. The physical form, or design, will often determine the longevity of an urban landscape. The actual form and physical content of the design can largely determine the success of urban environments. If successful, the design will enable people to make an emotional connection to a place by imbuing it with character, memory, identity, orientation and individuality.
仅凭 “聪明的”科技和可操作的生态系统便可以获得可持续性是一种虚幻的观点。人也是自然界的一部分(也是自然等式中的一个变量)。如果人不在智力和情感上投入,任何东西都不能长久存在。如果不是按照人的精神、心理和情感需要来设计的话,所有的“聪明的”科技,建造一个项目或社区所需的材料和能量都会是一种浪费。它不会满足人们的需要,其寿命也很有限,好的设计可以弥补这一不足。
It is a false belief that one can achieve sustainability based only on “smart” technologies and functioning ecosystems. People are part of the environmental equation. Nothing can sustain itself over time if people are not invested in it either intellectually or emotionally. All the smart technologies, appropriate materials and energy used to build a project or community will be wasted simply because it was not designed to the spiritual, psychological and emotional needs of people. It simply will not have appeal and therefore has a limited shelf-life. Good and great design can help to achieve this.
城市是复杂的运动体的组合,虽然设计本身不能让城市获得成功,但城市公共空间的设计质量却非常重要,它可以使城市功能最大化。设计质量是城市最重要的潜力因素。
Design in itself cannot make cities successful, as cities are a very complex layering of moving parts. However, for a city to function maximally, the design quality of a city’s public realm components becomes extremely important. Design quality is crucial factor in which a city can reach its fullest potential.
结论
Conclusion
很明显,全球范围的城市化趋势和资源有限的现实使得我们行业最重要的作用在于通过规划和设计提高城市密度,创造宜居而健康的城市环境。城市中的景观空间可以通过吸引聚集人口对抗全球变暖和减少自然资源消耗。然而,只有超越功能需要,激发灵感的城市景观设计才能创造出具有吸引力的场所。
It is clear with the global trend towards urbanization and the realization that we have limited global resources, the most important role we have professionally is to encourage densification through planning and designing liveable and healthy cities. A city’s public realm landscape can play a crucial role in helping to combat global warming and shrinking natural resources by attracting people to them. However this can only be achieved if our urban landscapes are designed to be more than merely functional: but as wonderful, inspired, attractive places to live and work for all socio-economic levels.
案例赏析
六十年代的美国大地艺术盛行,其中有很多杰出艺术家的作品对玛莎今后的创作产生了重要的影响。
ps.
文章不错,很受启发。不过仍需要进一步校对呀!!!有多处语言不通顺和有错别字!