《艺者匠心录》专栏结语

Conclusion of the Series Landscape Architecture of The Combination of Art and Science

撰文（美国）乔 · 布莱恩 · 布雷
Text by Dr. Jon Bryan Burley, FASLA (US)

翻译王斯卉
Translation by wang si-hui

非常高兴能够为读者和《风景园林》杂志做一些工作。编辑投入了很多的精力，每一期都在探索有趣各异的问题。

自2005年第一次访问中国，我认识了很多优秀的风景园林行业实践者和学者。中国创造了很多世界著名的园林作品。非常高兴能够看到中国风景园林的迅速发展并且充满活力。世界上的很多国家在风景园林行业的发展时期都会遇到关于风景园林学科基础涵盖范围的不同观点的讨论。无疑，风景园林既包括种植设计，又包括场地设计、城市设计、游憩用地、土地利用规划和生态景观规划等内容。中国优秀的风景园林院校有较广的学科设置并将这些学科基础知识授予学生。我有幸访问过上海、杭州、香港、广州、南京和北京的一些大学，希望以后能访问更多风景园林院校。中国人包括学者们都具有热情友好的文化传统。我将尽力促成中国人民的美好愿望，向西方传达中国的优秀传统。我的西方同事认为我是个中国通，在美国密歇根州立大学参加我的课程的中国学生惊讶于我对中国的了解、对中国的热爱和对中国的理念的欣赏。但是，我只是一个仍有很多中国的知识需要学习的一个学生。我享受在中国的旅行，我将中国旅行中的速写附在文中。

中国风景园林学科的成长与发展非常迅速。自2007年以来，我很幸运与来自中国的12位访问学者在美国或法国一起撰写论文、讨论教学方式、交换设计理念。这种合作激励人心并且很有意义。这些文章包括：

Wei, S., C. Fleurant, and J. B. Burley. 2012. Replicating fractal structures with the reverse box counting method-an urban South-east Asian example. Buhmann, E., S. Ervin, and M Pietsch (eds.) In: Peer Reviewed Proceedings of Digital Landscape Architecture 2012 at Anhalt University of Applied Sciences. Wichmann: 364-370.

Yue, Z., S. Wei, and J. B. Burley. 2012. Non-Euclidian methods to replicate urban and garden patterns in P.R. of China. International Journal of Energy, 6(3): 105-114.

Darkovskaya, A.S., X. Li, and J. B. Burley. 2010. Historical continuity: landscape monuments and sacred places: connecting the past with the present. Harmony and Prosperity, Traditional Inheritance and Sustainable Development, 47th IFLA Congress and CHSLA Annual Meeting, Suzhou China.

Wang H, S. Chen, and J.B. Burley. 2010. The prohibitive regulation tablet, Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty. Harmony and Prosperity, Traditional Inheritance and Sustainable Development, 47th IFLA Congress and CHSLA Annual Meeting, Suzhou China.

我结识了一些知名的学者，并且非常尊敬他们，包括：南京林业大学的王浩教授、北京林业大学的李雄教授、香港的陈弘志教授、北京大学俞孔坚教授、仲恺农业工程学院的韦松林副院长、上海同济大学刘滨谊教授。南京林业大学的王浩教授是中国令我印象最为深刻的风景园林学者。他很谦逊，拥有帮助教员取得学术成就的智慧，非常努力帮助年轻教师取得学术上的成就。这一点与西方关心整个团队和个体成功的管理方式相似。在中国，同一个研究机构内，教授通过建立自己的研究团队可以在与其他教授的竞争中会更有学术竞争力。而在西方，教授与大学内的其他教授一起合作来与其他大学相竞争。因此在西方的大学中有更多协调、共享和合作。在西方，学生对大学、学院和所有的教授忠诚。而在中国的一些地区，学生往往忠于自己的家庭和国家，这样的文化差异使得一名教授带领自己的团队与其他教授和团队竞争的现象发生。但我不认为这样的中国特色是不正确的，而这只是我观察到的差异，是对中国文化的尊重。

在中国，教授由于个人专业学识和在学院中的学术成就而受到奖励。教授的声誉和认可在中国有极其重要的价值。会议上的发言人和项目负责人都是根据声誉而选择的。著名的教授可以撰写并且多次重复写关于同一个研究并得到广泛认可，这与西方是完全不同的。在西方，不出名但智慧的学者有机会参与各种学术活动，因为其演讲的内容是基于公正的评价方法和新的思路。演讲者的选择过程往往是盲评（选择者不了解演讲者的研究、获得的奖项和比赛奖励）。这意味着，获得无数奖项和发表很多作品的教授和学者都必须不断的发展创新，而不是止步于自己的声誉。一个人的声誉不如新的发现更被重视，年轻的专业人士和学者也可以通过新的理念和信息而获得上升的空间。更多经验丰富的教授和学者必须不停的完善发展创新想法，否则很快将被遗忘。因此，王浩教授（包括其他中国教授）的洞察力给我留下了深刻的印象，帮助我了解到了这些差异，这将有助于中国教师参与全球的竞争。

上面提到过的那些中国教授，非常清楚中国的大学如何努力以提高其在世界上的排名。这更多需要世界合作、能够为全球学术界撰写同行审阅的学术论文等方面的努力，更需要教师进行西方要求的、基于社会学和自然科学数据分析的研究，并且通过不知名的作者双重盲审评估。目前，有些人认为，中国风景园林学科的博士学位论文的撰写是以项目为基础的，主要为文献综述、讨论等而没有实际的研究（没有新的发现或者发现以前研究遗漏的部分）。对中国学者来说，如果没有真正意义的研究基础很难在国际期刊上发表文章。智慧的中国教授，例如王浩，认识到这样的困境并帮助教师提高这方面的水平。虽然中国的大学非常好，但是中国的大学很难进入世界前100名，因为教师和校友很难在世界范围内获奖，不能持续的在世界顶级刊物发表文章。虽然我不是中国人，但是我希望看到中国的大学能够持续在世界前100名大学的排名中。我愿意帮助中国实现这一梦想。我一直认为，中国的成功和繁荣将有利于世界的发展。

北京林业大学出版的《风景园林》杂志的《艺者匠心录》专栏，由我和杨云峰博士共同主持，我们愿与中国的研究机构、风景园林学教授共同为促进中国的大学进入世界排名前100名而做出微小而重要的努力。

遗憾的是，大学的排名与被汤森路透ISI数据库选录的期刊文章相关联，这一点并非完全公正的。如果不熟悉这个数据库，那么学者需要研究整个系统。很多大学希望教师在这个数据库中收录的高影响因子的杂志中发表文章。然而，这个列表对于新期刊和非英语期刊是不公正的。列表中的期刊甚至没有同行评审。

我坚信，北京林业大学出版的《风景园林》杂志无疑应该在汤森路透的ISI数据库中，这本杂志的质量很高。对这本杂志来说，被ISI数据库收录是一个挑战，因为当试图说服西方学者向风景园林杂志提交稿件时，他们会考虑杂志是否被数据库收录或者影响因子是多少，西方学者是有选择性的，因为他们的机构期望教师的期刊帮助提高大学的学术排名。这一点会影响作者将稿件提交到《艺者匠心录》。我希望《风景园林》杂志能够通过世界的专业学者来发展良好的全球声誉。

杨云峰博士和我将系列标题定义为《艺者匠心录》是因为学者必须着眼于科学（创造新知识），专业人士必须着眼于艺术（决定设计什么）。所以，学者和行业从业者的角色略有不同。《风景园林》杂志是将两者结合的刊物。非常高兴能和杨云峰博士、杂志编辑一起工作，他们是很好的团队，北京林业大学也是一所非常优秀的大学。

我希望这些案例研究能够帮助理解西方的风景园林。将来，这些案例也许会汇编成册，连同一些章节共同阐释如何做研究。

我将参加2013年11月17~19日在南京林业大学召开的WSEAS（世界科学工程学会）第六届世界风景园林会议并和大家讨论。同时我也会建议中国风景园林学者考虑参会，演讲其已经被同行评审过的论文并发表在他们的期刊中（详见http://www.wseas.org/wseas/cms.action）

It has been a great pleasure to serve the readership and the editors of Landscape Architecture. The publication is produced with great care and every issue is extremely interesting to examine.

Since first visiting China in 2005, I have met so many great practitioners and academics in P.R. of China. Chinese landscape architecture is thriving and energetic. Chinese landscape architects produce some of the most significant landscape architecture in the world. It has been very enjoyable to observe the growth of landscape architecture in China. As in numerous countries around the world, the formative period of the profession is met with various perspectives about what the fundamentals of landscape architecture are about. Yes, it does include planting design, but it also includes site design, urban design, recreational lands, land-use planning, and landscape planning. The best schools of landscape architecture in China recognize this breadth and successfully instruct students in these basics. I have been extremely lucky to visit Chinese universities in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Beijing and I hope to visit more in the future. The Chinese people and intellectuals are a very gracious and generous culture and individuals. I have done as much as I can to promote the good will of the Chinese people and to lecture to Western audiences about the virtues of China. Colleagues in the West consider me an expert about China and Chinese students who attend my lectures about China at MSU are impressed with my knowledge about Chinese issues, my love for China, and my appreciation of the Chinese perspective. But I say, I am just a student of China with still much to learn. I have enjoyed traveling in China and I have included a few sketches of my travels in China for your inspection.

The growth and development of landscape architectural academics in China is also improving. Since 2007, I have been lucky to have 12 Chinese visiting professors work with me in either the USA or France writing papers together, discussing teaching methods, and debating about design philosophies. The collaboration has been invigorating, stimulating, and extremely rewarding. Some of the papers include:

Yue, Z., S. Wei, and J. B. Burley. 2012. Non-Euclidian methods to replicate urban and garden patterns in P.R. of China. International Journal of Energy, 6(3): 105-114.

Some of the well known individuals that I have met and greatly admire include Leslie Chen in Hong Kong, Kongjian Yu in Beijing, Songlin Wei in Guangzhou, Binyi Liu in Shanghai, and Hao Wang in Nanjing. Hao Wang at Nanjing Forestry University is a prime example concerning how impressed I am with Chinese landscape architectural academics. He is very humble and works very hard to assist young and emerging faculty members to become better and achieve success. He, like the others I have met, has the wisdom to facilitate faculty in a manner similar to Western administrators who are concerned about the whole team and the success of everybody at the university. Being an academic in China can be highly competitive with each professor building a personal team and competing with colleagues within the same institution. However, professors in the West are more inclined to work together within the university and compete between universities. But within a Western university there is a fair amount of harmony, sharing, and cooperation. In the West, students are loyal to their university, department, and all of the professors. In some parts of China, students may often only be loyal to their family, country, and a single professor leading a specific team, competing against other professors and their teams. I do not believe this Chinese style is incorrect, but rather I have observed and noted the differences. There is so much to admire about Chinese cultural norms.

In China, sometimes, professors are rewarded for their own personal expertise and success at the expense of others within their own department. A professor’s reputation and national identity is extremely important and valuable in China. People are chosen and selected to speak at conferences and to design projects based upon reputation. In China, an important professor can write and re-write the same study numerous times and be highly recognized. It is quite different in the West. Unknown but brilliant people have an opportunity to be featured and selected because the content for presentation and selection are based upon an unbiased evaluation method and new ideas. The selection process is often blind reviewed (the selectors do not know the identity of the manuscripts, awards, and competitions). This means that those professionals and academics in the West who have won numerous awards and contributed many publications are able to continually evolve, developing new and better ideas, not living off their reputations. Young professionals and academics with new ideas and information have a chance to rise to the top. More seasoned professionals and academics must continually improve, develop new ideas, and information or they will be quickly forgotten. In the West, one’s reputation is less important and being able to develop something new is more highly valued. Thus I have been impressed with Hao Wang’s insight (along with others in China) to understand these differences and to help Chinese faculty compete globally.

Individuals such as Leslie Chen, Kongjian Yu, Songlin Wei, Binyi Liu, and Hao Wang seem to understand what is must take for Chinese universities to rise higher in the world rankings of universities. It takes world collaboration and the ability to write peer-reviewed research papers for a global academic audience. This is accomplished by having faculty who can conduct research in the Western sense, meaning statistically analyzed information in the social and natural sciences affiliated with landscape architectural research under double blind peer reviewed evaluation were the reputation of the authors is unknown. At present in China, some people might believe that too many landscape architectural PhDs are awarded for dissertations that are project based, primarily literature reviews, some discussion, but almost no actual research (meaning something discovered that is new information or something rediscovered that was lost). It is often difficult for Chinese academics to publish in international journals who are not trained in the fundamentals of true research. Wise Chinese academics such as Hao Wang recognized this dilemma and have worked hard to help the faculty rise to this important standard. While Chinese universities are very good, currently it is difficult for Chinese universities to be listed in the top 100 world university rankings because the faculty and alumni earn few top world awards and are unable to publish consistently in the top world journals. Even though I am not Chinese, it is my dream and desire to see Chinese universities consistently be ranked in the world’s top 100 universities. I wish to repay my great debt of kindness to the Chinese people. I have always believed that a successful and prosperous China is good for the world.

The series “Landscape Architecture-the Combination of Science and Art” published in Landscape Architecture, a publication of Beijing Forestry University, featured by myself (trained at the University of Michigan) and now working at Michigan State University (a top 100 university) and my esteemed colleague Dr. Yun-feng Yang (trained at Beijing Forestry University) and working at Nanjing Forestry University, is a small but important part of this step to help Chinese institutions and particularly Chinese landscape architecture professors make a contribution to help their universities’ rise to the top 100.

It is unfortunate that the ranking system of universities is tied to the publication of journals that are dominated by the Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge, as this web has many biases. If one is not familiar with this web, it is important for academics to investigate this system. Many universities prefer their faculty to publish in journals that are listed in the Thomson Reuters list and to publish in a journal with a high impact factor. However, the list is biased against new journals and non-English journals. Some of the journals in the list are not even peer-reviewed journals.

I firmly believe that Landscape Architecture published by Beijing Forestry University should without question be part of the Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge. The journal is of a very high quality. But it is a challenge for such journals to be on the list. When soliciting Western academics to submit manuscripts to Landscape Architecture, some were concerned with whether or not the journal was on Thomson Reuter’s list and what the impact factor of the journal was? Western academics can be very selective because their institutions wish to have their faculty publish in journals that count towards the academic ranking of the university. At times this approach limited who was willing to contribute to this special series. It is my hope that the publication Landscape Architecture will develop an excellent global reputation by professionals around the world.

In closing, Dr. Yan-feng Yang and I chose the title of this series because academics must focus on the science (creating new knowledge) and professionals must focus on the art (deciding what to design). So the role of the academic and the role of the professional are somewhat different. Landscape Architecture is a publication that features both types of efforts. It has been a great pleasure to work with Dr. Yan-feng Yang and the editors of Landscape Architecture. They are a great team and Beijing Forestry University is a great university.

I hope that these research case studies have been helpful in comprehending the work of landscape researchers in the West. Possibly in the future these case studies may be compiled into a book along with some chapters concerning how to conduct research.

I would encourage Chinese landscape architectural academics to consider participating in the 6th International Landscape Architecture Conference, WSEAS (World Scientific Engineering and Academic Society) meeting November 17th-19th 2013 at Naning Forestry University to present a peer reviewed paper and have the opportunity to publish in their journals. Information can be found at: http://www.wseas.org/wseas/cms.action

I plan to be at that conference and I would be happy to talk to you in Nanjing.

07 艺者匠心录

注释：

Note:

作者简介：

乔·布莱恩·布雷/美国密歇根大学博士/美国密歇根州立大学规划设计建设学院风景园林系教授/美国风景园林师协会会士

Biography:

Dr. Jon Bryan BURLEY is a professor of Landscape Architecture at the School of Planning Design and Construction, College of Social Science and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University. He is also a Fellow of American Society of Landscape Architects.

译者简介：

王斯卉/女/1987年生/南京林业大学城市规划与设计硕士/密歇根州立大学风景园林学硕士

About the Translator:

WANG Si-hui, born in 1987, who received her master degree of Urban Planning and Design from Nanjing Forestry University, is a MLA candidate at Michigan State University.

Conclusion of the Series Landscape Architecture of The Combination of Art and Science

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